What Is Substance/Medication-Induced Depressive Disorder?

This condition occurs when depressive symptoms develop as a direct result of the use of substances such as drugs, alcohol, or medications. The mood disturbance is caused by the effects of intoxication, withdrawal, or exposure to a specific substance or medication.

Substances and Medications That May Cause Depression

• Alcohol
• Opioids
• Cocaine or other stimulants (during withdrawal)
• Benzodiazepines and sedatives
• Marijuana (in vulnerable individuals)
• Steroids (e.g., corticosteroids)
• Hormonal medications
• Blood pressure medicines (beta-blockers)
• Interferon and certain cancer treatments

Common Symptoms

• Persistent sadness or low mood
• Loss of interest or pleasure
• Fatigue and low energy
• Anxiety, irritability, or restlessness
• Sleep disturbance
• Difficulty concentrating
• Withdrawal from social activities
• Feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness

Diagnosis

The diagnosis is made when:

• Symptoms appear during or soon after substance use or withdrawal
• The substance involved is known to cause depressive symptoms
• The symptoms cause distress or impairment in daily life
• Another depressive disorder does not better explain the symptoms

Treatment Options

• Discontinuing or reducing the substance/medication: Under medical supervision
• Detoxification and withdrawal management: For drugs or alcohol
• Psychotherapy: CBT, motivational interviewing, supportive counselling
• Medication: Antidepressants if depressive symptoms do not resolve after detox
• Substance-use treatment programs: Rehabilitation, relapse prevention
• Lifestyle strategies: Exercise, nutrition, sleep hygiene
• Mindfulness and stress reduction techniques